Raising Turkeys for Meat (A Complete Guide to Breeds, Feeding, and Processing)

Raising turkeys for meat can be a rewarding and cost-effective way to supply your household with high-quality poultry.

Whether you're new to turkey farming or looking to improve your methods, it's essential to understand the key factors that contribute to a successful operation.

From selecting the right breed to providing proper care, feeding, and processing, every step plays a vital role in producing healthy, flavorful meat.

In this article, I'll walk you through the best breeds for meat production, tips on housing and feeding, and crucial health considerations to keep your turkeys thriving!

If you're also thinking about adding chickens to your setup, check out our guide on raising meat chickens for beginners.

1. Choosing the Right Breed for Meat Production

Selecting the right breed is one of the most important decisions you'll make when raising turkeys for meat.

The breed you choose can affect everything from how fast your turkeys grow to the flavor and quality of the meat.

Whether you're raising turkeys for your own consumption or for sale, understanding the key differences between commercial and heritage breeds will help you make the best choice for your needs.

Commercial/Industrial Breeds

Commercial breeds are popular for meat production due to their rapid growth rates and large size.

Among the most common are the Broad Breasted White and the Broad Breasted Bronze.

These breeds are specifically bred for their large, meaty breasts, which makes them a staple in the commercial poultry industry.

Broad Breasted White turkeys are known for their fast growth and large size. These birds can reach harvest weight in as little as 16-22 weeks, and male turkeys (Toms) can weigh up to 70 pounds.

Because of their rapid growth, they are often the go-to choice for those looking to produce a lot of meat in a short amount of time.

However, the fast growth can come with challenges. One issue that often arises is leg problems, as the birds’ bones and muscles may struggle to keep up with their rapid size increase.

Additionally, these commercial breeds face difficulties when it comes to natural mating. Many of these birds cannot mate on their own, so artificial insemination is often required.

On the other hand, the Broad Breasted Bronze is similar to the Broad Breasted White in terms of growth speed and meat production, though they have darker plumage.

These turkeys also grow rapidly and reach market weight quickly, but they come with the same potential issues of leg strain and mating difficulties.

Heritage Breeds

If you prefer a more natural approach to raising turkeys, heritage breeds might be the way to go.

These birds have been around for centuries, and they maintain the ability to mate naturally, which many homesteaders find appealing.

In addition to natural mating, heritage breeds tend to live longer and produce more flavorful meat compared to their commercial counterparts.

Some popular heritage breeds include Bronze, Bourbon Red, Narragansett, Black, White Holland, Royal Palm, and Slate.

Each of these breeds has unique characteristics, from the Bronze turkey’s traditional appearance to the Royal Palm, which is not only raised for meat but also for exhibition purposes.

Heritage breeds, however, take longer to mature compared to commercial breeds. On average, they need about 25-30 weeks to reach their full size, which means more time and resources are required.

This extended maturation period can be a consideration if you're raising turkeys for a specific event like Thanksgiving, where timing is crucial.

While they may take longer to grow, heritage turkeys are often preferred for their richer flavor, which many people describe as being more complex and distinctive compared to the meat of commercial breeds.

When to Purchase Poults

Timing is key when raising turkeys for meat, especially if you're planning to have them ready for a specific time of year, like Thanksgiving.

For commercial breeds, you’ll want to purchase poults early in July, as these birds grow quickly and reach market weight within a few months.

If you’re raising heritage breeds, the longer maturation time means you’ll need to purchase poults earlier, typically in late May or early June, to ensure they reach the desired size in time for fall.

2. Housing and Space Requirements

Turkeys need a safe, comfortable environment where they can thrive, forage, and grow without being exposed to unnecessary risks from predators or harsh conditions.

Brooder Setup for Poults

When your turkeys are first born, they need a brooder to keep them warm and safe for the first few weeks of their lives.

Similar to chicks, turkey poults are sensitive to temperature and need a warm, controlled environment to start their lives.

The ideal starting temperature for poults is 100°F. As they grow, you’ll gradually reduce the temperature by 5°F each week until they can tolerate the ambient temperature of their environment.

In addition to warmth, ventilation is a critical factor when setting up a brooder. Adequate airflow prevents respiratory illnesses and ensures that the poults have access to fresh air.

Overcrowding in the brooder can also increase the risk of disease, so make sure the space is appropriately sized for the number of poults you have.

Space Requirements as Turkeys Grow

As your turkeys grow, their space requirements will change. Initially, poults need 2-2.5 square feet of space each during their first 0-8 weeks.

As they get older and larger, their space needs will increase significantly. For birds in the 8-16 week range, you should provide 3-4 square feet per turkey.

Between 16-20 weeks, turkeys need about 5-8 square feet per bird.

Once they’re reaching market weight, they will require 6-10 square feet per turkey to give them the room they need to move around comfortably.

Outdoor Space and Shelter

Turkeys thrive in outdoor environments where they can forage and engage in natural behaviors.

Providing outdoor space allows them to graze on grass, search for insects, and get exercise, all of which contribute to their overall health and well-being.

A minimum of 4-5 square feet per bird is recommended for turkeys kept in outdoor runs or pastures. The more space you can provide, the better.

Additionally, your turkeys will need a secure shelter, especially during the night, to protect them from predators.

A well-constructed coop, barn, or shed can serve this purpose. The shelter should be well-ventilated to prevent respiratory issues and should offer protection from both predators and the elements.

Fencing for Predators

Fencing is another critical element of housing turkeys. It’s recommended to use 6-foot high wire fencing to keep turkeys safe from predators such as foxes, coyotes, and birds of prey.

The fence needs to be tall enough to prevent turkeys from flying over it, especially for lighter heritage breeds, which are more likely to take to the air.

If you’re raising heritage turkeys, you may need to clip their wings or use a topped enclosure to ensure they stay contained.

3. Feeding Your Turkeys for Maximum Growth

Feeding your turkeys properly is one of the most important factors in ensuring they grow quickly and reach market weight in a healthy manner.

Turkeys have specific dietary needs at each stage of their life, and providing the right balance of nutrients at the right time will help your birds develop strong muscles and healthy bodies.

Nutritional Needs for Rapid Growth

Turkeys require a high-protein diet, especially in their early stages of life, to ensure they develop properly.

Protein is essential for muscle growth and overall development, and without the right amount, your birds will not reach their full potential.

The key to successful turkey farming is offering the right type of feed at each stage.

In the first few weeks of life, turkeys need a starter feed with about 28-30% protein. This high level of protein helps poults grow rapidly and develop strong muscles.

It’s important to choose a game bird starter feed, as chicken starter feed typically doesn't provide enough protein for turkeys.

During this stage, you’ll want to ensure they have access to a constant supply of food, as they are growing quickly.

As turkeys grow older, their protein requirements will decrease slightly. From 8 weeks onward, you should switch to a grower feed with 20-21% protein.

This feed will continue to support their growth and help them develop the muscle mass needed for meat production.

Once they reach about 12 weeks of age, you can consider switching to a finisher feed with 18% protein to help prepare them for slaughter.

Cost Considerations

Feeding turkeys can become one of the most significant costs in raising them. Adult turkeys typically consume about one pound of feed per day.

Over the course of their life, that adds up quickly, especially considering the high-protein diet they require for optimal growth.

To reduce feed costs, many turkey farmers supplement their birds’ diet with pasture.

Allowing turkeys to roam outdoors gives them the opportunity to forage for grass, insects, and other natural foods that can supplement their nutritional needs.

However, keep in mind that the pasture should provide enough protein, so if your turkeys aren’t getting sufficient protein from foraging, you’ll need to continue supplementing their diet with high-quality feed.

Additional Food Items

Besides their regular feed, turkeys can benefit from the occasional treat, such as leafy greens, fruits, and vegetables.

These treats not only provide variety in their diet but also contribute essential vitamins and minerals. However, treats should be given in moderation, as too much can upset their nutritional balance.

Additionally, it’s crucial that your turkeys always have access to clean, fresh water. Water is essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, and overall health.

You may want to use shallow water dishes with marbles or other safety features for young poults to prevent drowning.

Once they grow older, hanging waterers work well to keep the water clean and prevent turkeys from getting wet.

4. Preventing Problems and Diseases in Turkeys

Turkeys are susceptible to a variety of diseases and health problems, particularly during their early stages of life.

By maintaining proper hygiene, monitoring your flock closely, and addressing any signs of illness early, you can minimize the risk of disease outbreaks.

Blackhead Disease

One of the most serious concerns when raising turkeys is Blackhead disease, which is caused by a protozoan parasite called Histomonas meleagridis.

This disease is particularly dangerous for turkeys but does not affect chickens. The key issue is that chickens can carry the parasite without showing symptoms, and they can easily transmit it to turkeys.

To prevent Blackhead disease, it's essential to keep turkeys and chickens separated. Ideally, there should be a 200-foot distance between turkey and chicken pastures to prevent cross-contamination.

If you’re raising both species on your property, avoid sharing equipment, feed, or water sources, as these can spread the parasite.

Practicing good biosecurity measures, such as disinfecting equipment and keeping separate spaces for each type of poultry, is essential for disease prevention.

Respiratory Issues and Environmental Management

Turkeys are also prone to respiratory diseases, which can be exacerbated by poor environmental conditions.

It’s crucial to maintain proper ventilation in both the brooder and adult housing areas to prevent the buildup of moisture and ammonia, which can irritate the respiratory system.

Ensure that your turkey housing is dry, well-ventilated, and free from wet bedding, which can harbor bacteria and fungi.

Overcrowding is another factor that can lead to respiratory problems, so make sure you provide ample space for your turkeys at all stages of growth.

Additionally, turkeys benefit from access to clean, fresh water at all times, as dehydration can weaken their immune systems and make them more susceptible to illnesses.

Monitoring Your Flock

Regularly monitoring your turkeys is one of the best ways to prevent health issues. Pay attention to their behavior, appetite, and physical condition.

If any turkeys show signs of illness, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, or difficulty breathing, take action immediately.

It may be necessary to isolate sick birds to prevent the spread of disease to the rest of the flock.

Many turkey farmers also incorporate herbal remedies into their care routine to help support their birds' immune systems and promote overall health.

Herbs such as oregano, garlic, and thyme are known for their natural antimicrobial properties and can help prevent parasites and infections.

While herbs should not replace proper care and management, they can be a beneficial supplement to your turkey care regimen.

Herbal Support

Some turkey farmers use herbs in the feed or water to boost their turkeys’ immune systems and prevent parasites.

Adding herbs like oregano or garlic can help support gut health and prevent parasites that can affect their digestion.

While not a replacement for proper nutrition and disease prevention practices, herbal remedies can be a beneficial addition to your turkey care routine.

5. Processing and Slaughtering Turkeys

When the time comes to process your turkeys, it's essential to understand the proper techniques and steps to ensure humane slaughter and high-quality meat.

Whether you're processing the birds yourself or using a custom processing service, there are several key factors to consider, including timing, preparation, and equipment.

When to Process Your Turkeys

The ideal time to process your turkeys depends on the breed and your desired market weight.

Commercial breeds, such as the Broad Breasted White, tend to grow quickly, reaching a suitable size for slaughter around 16-22 weeks.

Female turkeys (hens) generally mature faster and can be processed as early as 14-16 weeks, while males (toms) may require a bit more time to reach their full size, typically around 19 weeks.

For heritage breeds, which grow more slowly, you’ll need to wait longer before processing. These turkeys can take anywhere from 25-30 weeks to reach their full market weight.

The timing is important, as it ensures the meat will have the desired texture and flavor.

If you're aiming for a specific time of year (such as Thanksgiving) plan ahead to purchase poults at the right time to meet your processing schedule.

Processing Methods

Processing turkeys at home involves several essential steps that must be carried out in a humane and sanitary manner.

First, you'll need to humanely kill the bird, which is typically done using a kill cone. This ensures the bird is held in place while you proceed with the next steps, which include bleeding.

After the bird is bled, the next step is to scald the bird in hot water to loosen the feathers, making it easier to remove them.

Once the feathers are removed, the turkey must be eviscerated, which involves removing the internal organs.

The entire process should be done in a clean area to avoid contamination.

If you're unfamiliar with home processing, you might want to consider watching tutorials or asking for guidance from experienced poultry processors.

After processing, it’s important to rest the carcass in a refrigerator for 24-48 hours before freezing. This resting period helps improve the meat’s tenderness, making it more enjoyable to eat.

Home Processing vs. Custom Processing

If you choose to process your turkeys at home, be sure to check any local regulations regarding slaughter and processing.

Some areas have specific zoning laws, and you may need a permit or to follow particular guidelines, especially if you're selling the meat.

Alternatively, you can choose to have your turkeys processed through a custom processing facility, which can save you time and effort.

These facilities typically handle all aspects of slaughter, plucking, and evisceration.

However, keep in mind that custom processing often comes with a processing fee, which can add up depending on the number of birds you're raising.

6. Costs of Raising Turkeys for Meat

Raising turkeys for meat can be a profitable venture, but it’s important to understand the costs involved so you can budget appropriately.

From the initial purchase of poults to the feed, housing, and processing fees, the costs can add up quickly. Knowing what to expect financially will help you plan and set realistic expectations.

Initial Costs

The initial cost of poults can vary depending on the breed. On average, day-old turkey poults range from $6 to $12 each.

Heritage breeds tend to be more expensive, with some poults costing more than their commercial counterparts.

For instance, a heritage poult may cost anywhere from $10 to $20 each, depending on the breed and the supplier.

While the cost of the poults is the first significant expense, it is not the only one. You'll also need to consider the cost of the brooder setup, which includes heating lamps, bedding, and space for the poults to grow.

Additionally, purchasing equipment such as feeders, waterers, and fencing for outdoor space is another upfront cost.

Ongoing Costs

As your turkeys grow, their feed consumption will become the largest ongoing expense. Turkeys require a high-protein diet, and feed costs will vary depending on the size of your flock.

On average, adult turkeys consume about one pound of feed per day.

Considering the duration it takes for turkeys to reach market weight (about 16 to 22 weeks for commercial breeds and 25 to 30 weeks for heritage breeds) this can add up to significant costs over time.

A rough estimate for the total feed cost to raise one turkey can range from $30 to $50, depending on the breed and whether you supplement their diet with pasture grazing.

Keep in mind that pasture-based feeding can reduce feed costs but doesn’t entirely eliminate the need for supplementary feed, especially if you want your birds to grow at the desired rate.

In addition to feed, you'll also need to factor in the costs of bedding, housing, and potential processing fees.

If you're processing your turkeys at home, there may still be costs for supplies like knives, cones, or other necessary equipment.

If you opt for custom processing, the cost per bird could range from $5 to $15 depending on the facility and the services provided.

Profitability Considerations

While the initial costs and ongoing expenses can seem high, many turkey farmers find that raising their own birds can be quite profitable, especially if they’re raising them for direct sale.

The market price for fresh, locally raised turkey can often be much higher than store-bought options, giving you a return on your investment.

Additionally, the satisfaction of raising your own poultry and providing high-quality meat for your family or customers adds significant value.

Start small, learn as you go, and give your turkeys the care they need to grow strong and healthy.

Raising turkeys for meat is a rewarding and productive endeavor that requires careful planning, attention to detail, and a commitment to providing your birds with the best care.

From choosing the right breed to understanding their dietary needs, managing their space, and ensuring proper health practices, every step plays a crucial role in ensuring the success of your turkey farming operation.

Whether you’re looking to raise turkeys for personal consumption or to sell locally, the process can be highly fulfilling.

By following these best practices and taking the time to understand the needs of your turkeys, you’ll be well on your way to raising healthy, flavorful meat that can feed your family or provide a profitable venture.

Remember that turkey farming, like any other form of livestock farming, requires dedication, but the rewards (both in terms of the quality of the meat and the satisfaction of raising your own animals) are well worth the effort.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. How long does it take for turkeys to reach market weight?

The time it takes for turkeys to reach market weight depends on the breed. Commercial breeds like the Broad Breasted White can reach market weight in 16-22 weeks, while heritage breeds take 25-30 weeks. The growth rate also depends on factors like feeding, space, and overall health.

2. What’s the difference between commercial and heritage breeds?

Commercial breeds grow faster and are typically larger, with a focus on meat production, especially for the breast. However, they have issues with mating naturally and can suffer from leg problems due to rapid growth. Heritage breeds, on the other hand, mature more slowly, are better suited for natural mating, and tend to have more flavorful meat, making them ideal for small farms or those seeking a more traditional farming experience.

3. Can turkeys be raised in a backyard?

Yes, turkeys can be raised in a backyard as long as they have enough space to roam and access to proper shelter. For adult turkeys, provide at least 6-10 square feet of indoor space per bird, plus outdoor space for foraging and exercise. Keep in mind that turkeys require secure fencing to protect them from predators and prevent them from flying away, especially if you’re raising heritage breeds.

4. What should I do if my turkey gets sick?

If your turkey shows signs of illness—such as lethargy, loss of appetite, or trouble breathing—separate the sick bird from the rest of the flock to prevent the spread of disease. It’s important to monitor your turkeys regularly for early signs of illness and take action quickly. You may also consider using herbal supplements to boost their immune systems, or consult with a vet if symptoms persist.

5. How much does it cost to raise a turkey?

The cost of raising a turkey depends on several factors, including the breed, feed, and housing. On average, raising a turkey can cost anywhere from $30 to $50 per bird, primarily due to the high cost of feed. Heritage breeds may be more expensive to raise, and additional costs such as bedding, equipment, and processing fees should be factored into the overall cost.